Mexico had a Latin American agricultural country, its corn, rice, sorghum and other products has a long tradition of planting and competitive enough. After the second world war, Mexico's economy once advance by leaps and bounds, agricultural development smoothly overall, known as the "Mexico miracle". The early 1980 s, Mexico import substitution of strategic defeat, debt crisis erupted in the world bank and the creditor under pressure, Mexico began to carry out the new liberal economic reforms, stressed agriculture opening to the use of foreign capital, emphasize the market mechanism to play the role in agricultural areas. Reform brought disastrous consequences, Mexico agriculture is completely foreign control, agricultural production can't satisfy domestic demand;
A large number of peasants was forced to withdraw from land management, into the city slums. The Philippines, Latin America some other country agricultural use of foreign capital practice and Mexico is very similar, also a painful lesson; Japan and China Taiwan, and other countries and regions on agricultural protection, success in the region to maintain the agricultural industry safety. Both the positive and negative aspects of the experience and lessons, and how to make good use of agriculture in our country, is an inspiration to the foreign capital.
A, foreign capital to enter Mexico agriculture basic normal operation before
The second half of the 1930 s to 80 s, Mexico, import substitution strategy to pursue, agricultural take protectionist policies
, limiting capital into agriculture, does not allow foreign and domestic business capital directly engaged in agricultural. The national import license system of agriculture and animal husbandry products amounted to 800 DuoZhong, mainly oil and crop to implement the minimum price system for buying. Government strengthen agriculture investment, continued to improve agricultural irrigation, power supply infrastructure, to promote fertilizer, stock, and other advanced technology application, strive to expand grain and other large sums of crop planting area and production. The government also specifically set of state-owned properties of the national people's life necessities, responsible fo
r food and agriculture and animal husbandry company product purchase, sale, storage and transportation, seeds, fertilizer, pesticide, the production and supply of farm machinery, etc. In addition, the state-owned enterprise is directly engaged in the sugar industry production sales, tobacco, coffee and other products in the domestic and foreign trade.
Overall, in foreign capital to enter, Mexico before on all aspects of agricultural development is normal. Agriculture and food industry growth rate always higher than the population growth rate. In 1940 1982, animal husbandry, fishery average growth rate of 3.7%, 6.9% and, respectively, are higher than the population growth rate, the agricultural production effectively meet the needs of the rapid population growth. In this period, agricultural planting area expanded, the Mexican agriculture employs increase the number of agriculture, rural infrastructure, gradually improve crop varieties renewal speed, the department of agriculture productivity growth is higher than the non-agricultural sectors. Agricultural development provides an important support for the industrial bank of Mexico and financial departments, more than 20% of the money comes from agricultural accumulation, agricultural foreign trade surplus to fill the gaps in non-agricultural products around 50% of foreign trade deficit. 1940-1982 years of most of the time, the department of agriculture has been maintain trade surplus in 1940, the agricultural product export growth rate of 5.7%, 1950-4.4% in 1960, in 1970 to 13% in 1976. Food export situation similar, its trade surplus continued until 1979, 1950-in 1960, export growth of 22.6% in 1960 1970 to 7% in 1970, to 1.4%.
Second, Mexico attract foreign capital into the agricultural policy evolution
Mexico the implementation of import substitution strategic problems, in 1982 into a debt crisis. In the world bank and the creditor forced Mexico had to start new liberal economic reforms, and promoting the economic and trade liberalization, open to foreign agricultural and foreign capital, open the gate of agricultural policy took a major turning point.
One is to reduce agricultural tariffs for foreign agricultural products to enter the create conditions. Mexico in 1986 to join tariffs and trade (gatt), according to negotiations commitment to push agricultural products demand open, greatly reduce agricultural tariffs, big range lift import restrictions. In 1984, Mexico 882 items of agricultural imports the amount of charge a higher tariffs, including the import license of 780. By 1990, the import license of the agricultural products of the sharp reduction to 15 items, agricultural imports GuanShuiLv sharply to 4%, the main agricultural products such as rice, sorghum, soybean, oil and so on all tariffs is almost zero. Mexico in early 1994 to join the north American free trade zone, further strengthen agriculture after foreign opening up, except for corn, beans and a few of the agricultural imports in 10 to 15 years for a certain limit outside, most from the United States, and the produce of the import tariffs, and cancel all 2008 years on all open their agricultural products and service market.
Two is to promote market reform, to relax foreign investment agriculture restrictions. Beginning in 1988, Mexico to speed up the economic reform process, to promote the rural reform, reduce the nation on agricultural direct intervention to relevant public institutions and state-owned enterprise retirement privatisation. From 1989 to 1992, the rural public institution from 103 down to 26 house home, the national people's life necessities company, the company, the national thoroughbred rural storage and transportation company, state-owned chemical fertilizer company, the national tobacco and coffee company to wait all privatisation, the rural social service system, almost all the disintegration of foreign capital of follow-up, many enterprise which in the privatization process foreign control. In 1989, the Mexican government has canceled 12 kinds of agricultural products, in addition to the minimum price for policy of corn and beans the other agricultural products are let go on the surface, the price is to bring the market needs to adjust action, in fact, is to create the conditions for foreign investment.
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